Understanding PFAS and Health Risks

What Are PFAS?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in industrial and consumer products since the 1940s. Due to their widespread use and environmental persistence, many PFAS have been detected in the blood of people and animals worldwide. There are thousands of PFAS compounds, but only some have been extensively studied.

Health Effects of PFAS Exposure

Scientific research has linked certain PFAS to harmful health effects. Ongoing studies suggest that even low levels of exposure may contribute to:

• Cancer: Increased risk of prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers

• Cholesterol and Weight: Elevated cholesterol and potential links to obesity

• Immune Function: Weakened immune system response

• Developmental Issues: Low birth weight, early puberty, bone changes, and behavioral effects

• Reproductive Health: Reduced fertility and high blood pressure during pregnancy

The more we learn, the clearer it becomes that reducing PFAS in water, soil, and air can have significant health benefits.

Where Are PFAS Found?

PFAS can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact with contaminated sources. Common sources include:

• Drinking Water: Especially near industrial sites or contaminated wells

• Industrial Facilities: Chrome plating, electronics, textile, and paper manufacturers

• Firefighting Foam: Used at airports and training facilities

• Consumer Products: Non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, sealants, and personal care products

• Food Packaging: Grease-resistant paper, popcorn bags, and pizza boxes

• Biosolids and Fertilizers: Contaminated fertilizers used on agricultural land

• Food Supply: Fish and dairy from contaminated water or feed

• Waste Sites: Landfills and hazardous waste areas

Note: Skin absorption of PFAS from activities like showering or washing dishes is considered minimal.

EPA’s Actions on PFAS

In October 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the PFAS Strategic Roadmap, outlining actions to reduce PFAS contamination through:

1. Research: Investing in PFAS science and innovation

2. Restrict: Preventing further environmental release of PFAS

3. Remediate: Expanding cleanup of contaminated sites

Key EPA initiatives include:

• Distributing $10 billion under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to address emerging contaminants

• Establishing enforceable standards for six PFAS in drinking water

• Listing two PFAS compounds as hazardous substances under CERCLA

• Enhancing data collection on PFAS use and release

For updates and full details, visit: www.epa.gov/pfas

What You Can Do

If You Use Public Water

• Contact your water utility to ask if PFAS are monitored and what steps are being taken to manage them.

• If concerned, consider an in-home water filter certified to reduce PFAS levels.

• Consult your healthcare provider or local health department for further guidance.

If You Use Well Water

• Test your well regularly for PFAS.

• If PFAS are detected, take steps to reduce exposure, such as installing certified in-home filtration systems.

Learn More

Scan the QR code below or visit www.epa.gov/pfas to find detailed resources, including water filter options and local contacts for help.