Studies Referencing Hydrogen and Oxidative Stress and ROS Scavenging

Whole Body - Oxidative Stress – ROS Scavenging

Overview:

Antioxidant Actions

• Targets harmful radicals like hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), while leaving beneficial ROS (like hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) untouched sciencedirect.com+3en.wikipedia.org+3mdpi.com+3.

• Activates antioxidant defenses by triggering Nrf2, a key transcription factor, which boosts enzymes such as SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and boosts endogenous glutathione .

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

• Reduces inflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL‑1β, IL‑6, TNF‑α) and inhibiting pathways like NF‑κB and NLRP3 inflammasome en.wikipedia.org+4pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+4frontiersin.org+4.

• Promotes healing by encouraging anti-inflammatory processes, helping resolve ongoing inflammatory responses .

Modulation of Cell Survival & Death

• Reduces unnecessary cell death by balancing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl‑2) over pro-apoptotic proteins (like Bax, Caspase‑3) researchgate.net+9pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+9frontiersin.org+9.

• Inhibits excessive cell loss in healthy tissues, promoting survival under stress.

Improved Energy & Mitochondrial Function

• Supports mitochondrial health, stabilizing membrane potential to reduce stress and improve ATP (energy) production .

• Promotes mitohormesis: mild, beneficial stress that strengthens cellular resilience mdpi.com+2mdpi.com+2en.wikipedia.org+2.

Signaling Pathway Regulation

• Activates cell-protective pathways including LKB1‑AMPK‑mTOR/FoxO and PI3K‑Akt‑Nrf2 .

• Inhibits pro-inflammatory cascades like NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3 inflammasome, reducing chronic inflammation pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+3pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+3frontiersin.org+3.

Summary Table

Bottom line:
Molecular hydrogen acts like a “smart protector”—it neutralizes harmful oxidants, boosts your body’s own defenses, modulates inflammation, protects vital cells, and supports energy production. That multifaceted support helps maintain cellular health and resiliency across various conditions.

Database:

Primary Topic: Any

Secondary Topic: Inflammation/Lipid Peroxidation/Mitochondrial Function/ROS-Scavenging (or Any)

Tertiary Topic: Autophagy/Coenzyme Q/Hydrogen Safety/Immune Dysfunction/Inflammation/Mitochondrial Function/Oxidative Stress/Redox Potential (or Any)

Note: This document is meant to describe broad-scale attributes of hydrogen which affect the whole body across a range of systems and conditions. For information targeted to specific body systems or conditions, see other documents.

• Hydrogen directly quenches cytotoxic ROS, including
  • OH (hydroxyl radical) (457: Yu et al 2017; 312: Liu et al 2018; 388: Hamasaki et al 2017; 556: Kato, Matsuoka, and Miwa 2015; 965: Ohsawa et al 2007; 90: Kwon, Han, and Park 2020; 47: Asada et al 2020; 623: Chen et al 2014; 177: Djalil et al 2019; 269: Chen et al 2018; 865: Ono et al 2011; 828: Chuai et al 2011; 84: Kiyoi et al 2020; 118: Qiu et al 2020; 467: Abou-Hamdan et al 2016; 487: Igarashi et al 2016; 607: Yu et al 2015; 631: Guo et al 2014; 634: Huang et al 2014; 641: Kikkawa et al 2014; 641: Koyama et al 2014; 673: Xie et al 2014; 814: Yang et al 2012; 871: Sun et al 2011; 875: Terasaki et al 2011; 884: Yu et al 2011; 910: Oharazawa et al 2010; 648: Liu et al 2014; 1056: Wan et al 2020; 1073: Kong et al 2018; 1077: Zhang et al 2019),
  • O2•- (superoxide radical) (312: Liu et al 2018; 553: Hyspler et al 2015; 983: Hiraoka et al 2004; 960: Sato et al 2008; 513: Ren et al 2016; 70: Ishihara et al 2020; 834: Hayashi et al 2011; 323: Nishida et al 2018; 1059: Shirahata et al 1997),
  • ROO· (peroxyl radical) (514: Settineri et al 2016; 443: Xiao and Miwa 2017; 959: Saitoh et al 2008),
  • ClO- (hypochlorite) (312: Liu et al 2018),
  • and ONOO- (peroxynitrite) (312: Liu et al 2018; 965: Ohsawa et al 2007; 832: Hanaoka et al 2011; 284: Fu et al 2018; 585: Shu et al 2015; 604: Yokota et al 2015; 84: Kiyoi et al 2020; 607: Yu et al 2015; 620: Zhang et al 2015; 1056: Wan et al 2020).
• Hydrogen does not quench physiologically important ROS (i.e. signaling oxides), such as
  • H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and NO (nitric oxide) (312: Liu et al 2018; 965: Ohsawa et al 2007; 832: Hanaoka et al 2011; 284: Fu et al 2018; 604: Yokota et al 2015).
  • Although hydrogen does not quench signaling oxides directly, it has been shown to compensate for the oxidative stress and damage produced by these molecules (327: Pogorelov, Pogorelova, and Pogorelova 2018; 973: Lee et al 2006; 982: Hanaoka et al 2004; 34: Xiao and Miwa 2021; 1032: Saitoh, Yamaguchi, and Okada 2021; 84: Kiyoi et al 2020; 662: Sakai et al 2014; 698: Guo et al 2013; 713: Li et al 2013; 159: Bajgal et al 2019; 1034: LeBaron, Kharman, and McCullough 2021; 1056: Wan et al 2020; 1058: Penders, Kissner, and Koppenol 2014; 1059: Shirahata et al 1997).
• Hydrogen upregulates cellular protection signaling cascades, including
  • LKB1-AMPK-FoxO1/mTOR (398: Lee et al 2017; 174: Chu et al 2019; 203: Jiang et al 2019; 240: Wang et al 2019),
  • PI3K/PTEN-AKT-mTOR/GSK3β/Foxo3a (39: Zhang et al 2021; 103: Lu et al 2020; 156: Zhuang et al 2020; 94: Li et al 2020; 137: Wang et al 2020; 337: Song et al 2018; 347: Wu et al 2018; 348: Wu et al 2018; 356: Zhang et al 2018; 373: Chen et al 2017; 377: Chen et al 2017; 401: Li et al 2017; 611: Yue et al 2015; 633: Hong et al 2014; 562: Lin et al 2015; 621: Zhao et al 2015),
  • and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE/HO-1/Sirt1 (416: Murakami, Ito, and Ohsawa 2017; 519: Tamaki et al 2016; 462: Zhang et al 2017; 104: Lu et al 2020; 141: Xie et al 2020; 149: Yu et al 2020; 212: Li et al 2019; 249: Yang et al 2019; 255: Yu et al 2019; 313: Liu et al 2018; 355: Yuan et al 2018; 438: Wang and Wang 2017; 459: Yu et al 2017; 473: Diao et al 2016; 538: Chen et al 2015; 605: Yu et al 2015; 709: Kawamura et al 2013; 750: Zhai et al 2013; 4: Chen et al 2021; 48: Begum et al 2020; 61: Fang et al 2020; 96: Li et al 2020; 135: Wang et al 2020; 310: Li et al 2018; 525: Wang et al 2016; 541: Chen et al 2015; 18: Li et al 2021; 430: Sun et al 2017; 445: Xing et al 2017; 487: Igarashi et al 2016; 673: Xie et al 2014; 723: Ning et al 2013; 609: Yuan et al 2015; 426: Shen et al 2017; 692: Chen et al 2013; 578: Qi et al 2015) pathways.
• Hydrogen downregulates inflammatory signaling cascades, including
  • the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 (695: Chen et al 2013; 138: Wen et al 2020; 904: Liu et al 2010; 614: Zhang et al 2015; 743: Xu and Zhang 2013)
  • and MAPK-AKT-NF-kappa B/NLRP3/HMGB1 (711: Li et al 2013; 48: Begum et al 2020; 366: Zou et al 2018; 583: Shao et al 2015; 661: Ren et al 2014; 23: Nie et al 2021; 146: Yang et al 2020; 167: Chen et al 2019; 135: Wang et al 2020; 652: Liu et al 2014; 923: Xie et al 2010; 786: Liang et al 2012; 481: Han et al 2016; 835: Huang et al 2011; 877: Wang et al 2011; 498: Li et al 2016; 713: Li et al 2013; 787: Liu et al 2012; 816: Yu and Zheng 2012; 818: Zheng and Yu 2012; ; 893: Chen et al 2010; 904: Liu et al 2010; 939: Mao et al 2009; 546: Guo et al 2015; 681: Zhang et al 2014; 794: Qin et al 2012; 110: Nogueira et al 2020; 242: Wen et al 2019; 333: Shi et al 2018; 357: Zhang et al 2018; 435: Tian et al 2017; 515: Shi et al 2016; 540: Chen et al 2015; 547: Guo et al 2015; 584: Shi et al 2015; 613: Zhang et al 2015; 665: Tan et al 2014; 691: Cai et al 2013; 692: Chen et al 2013; 741: Xiao et al 2013; 743: Xu and Zhang 2013; 755: Zhou et al 2013; 870: Song et al 2011; 37: Zhang et al 2021; 400: Li et al 2017; 599: Wu et al 2015; 811: Xie et al 2012) pathways,
  • as well as inflammatory mediators, including Prostaglandin (231: Saramago et al 2019; 346: Wang et al 2018; 356: Zhang et al 2018; 485: Hong et al 2016; 635: Huo et al 2014; 649: Liu et al 2014; 755: Zhou et al 2013; 765: Ge et al 2012; 812: Xie et al 2012; 837: Huang et al 2011; 868: Qu et al 2011),
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (36: Yu et al 2021; 76: Jiang et al 2020; 110: Nogueira et al 2020; 111: Nogueira et al 2020; 129: Tamura et al 2020; 149: Yu et al 2020; 156: Zhuang et al 2020; 159: Bajgal et al 2019; 166: Chen et al 2019; 181: Feng et al 2019; 182: Gao et al 2019; 220: Meng et al 2019; 231: Saramago et al 2019; 235: Tan et al 2019; 242: Wen et al 2019; 255: Yu et al 2019; 264: Ara et al 2018; 268: Chen et al 2018; 273: Choi et al 2018; 279: Fang et al 2018; 283: Fu et al 2018; 287: Guo et al 2018; 295: Iketani et al 2018; 325: Nogueira et al 2018; 333: Shi et al 2018; 337: Song et al 2018; 345: Wang et al 2018; 357: Zhang et al 2018; 358: Zhang et al 2018; 366: Zou et al 2018; 374: Chen et al 2017; 392: Hamasaki et al 2017; 404: Lin et al 2017; 407: Liu et al 2017; 410: Ma et al 2017; 426: Shen et al 2017; 435: Tian et al 2017; 453: Ying et al 2017; 473: Diao et al 2016; 496: Li et al 2016; 497: Li et al 2016; 498: Li et al 2016; 507: Muramatsu et al 2016; 515: Shi et al 2016; 524: Wang et al 2016; 527: Yang, Li, and Chen 2016; 530: Yu et al 2016; 538: Chen et al 2015; 540: Chen et al 2015; 541: Chen et al 2015; 543: Du et al 2015; 545: Guan et al 2015; 547: Guo et al 2015; 548: Haam et al 2015; 554: Ishibashi et al 2015; 566: Liu et al 2015; 568: Luo et al 2015; 583: Shao et al 2015; 584: Shi et al 2015; 594: Tian et al 2015; 600: Wu et al 2015; 613: Zhang et al 2015; 615: Zhang et al 2015; 616: Zhang et al 2015; 617: Zhang et al 2015; 626: Du et al 2014; 627: Du et al 2014; 628: Ge et al 2014; 630: Gu et al 2014; 647: Liu et al 2014; 648: Liu et al 2014; 652: Liu et al 2014; 665: Tan et al 2014; 674: Xin et al 2014; 682: Zhang et al 2014; 683: Zhang et al 2014; 691: Cai et al 2013; 692: Chen et al 2013; 694: Chen et al 2013; 698: Guo et al 2013; 702: Ignacio et al 2013; 703: Ignacio et al 2013; 716: Liu et al 2013; 731: Song et al 2013; 733: Tan et al 2013; 741: Xiao et al 2013; 743: Xu and Zhang 2013; 751: Zhang, Feng, and Chen 2013; 753: Zhao et al 2013; 754: Zhou et al 2013; 755: Zhou et al 2013; 774: Jin et al 2012; 785: Li et al 2012; 786: Liang et al 2012; 801: Spulber et al 2012; 809: Xiang et al 2012; 813: Xu et al 2012; 825: Chen et al 2011; 837: Huang et al 2011; 842: Ji et al 2011; 867: Qiu et al 2011; 869: Shen et al 2011; 870: Song et al 2011; 878: Wang et al 2011; 881: Yang et al 2011; 882: Yoon et al 2011; 886: Zhang et al 2011; 903: Li et al 2010; 905: Liu et al 2010; 918: Sun et al 2010; 933: Kajiya et al 2009; 934: Kajiya et al 2009; 938: Lee et al 2009; 949: Zheng et al 2009; 995: Naito et al 2002; 997: Gharib et al 2001; 635: Huo et al 2014; 811: Xie et al 2012),
  • Interleukin (IL) (37: Zhang et al 2021; 76: Jiang et al 2020; 110: Nogueira et al 2020; 111: Nogueira et al 2020; 156: Zhuang et al 2020; 159: Bajgal et al 2019; 166: Chen et al 2019; 181: Feng et al 2019; 209: Kura et al 2019; 220: Meng et al 2019; 231: Saramago et al 2019; 235: Tan et al 2019; 242: Wen et al 2019; 255: Yu et al 2019; 264: Ara et al 2018; 268: Chen et al 2018; 273: Choi et al 2018; 279: Fang et al 2018; 283: Fu et al 2018; 287: Guo et al 2018; 325: Nogueira et al 2018; 337: Song et al 2018; 345: Wang et al 2018; 358: Zhang et al 2018; 366: Zou et al 2018; 374: Chen et al 2017; 392: Hamasaki et al 2017; 404: Lin et al 2017; 407: Liu et al 2017; 410: Ma et al 2017; 426: Shen et al 2017; 435: Tian et al 2017; 453: Ying et al 2017; 473: Diao et al 2016; 497: Li et al 2016; 507: Muramatsu et al 2016; 524: Wang et al 2016; 527: Yang, Li, and Chen 2016; 530: Yu et al 2016; 538: Chen et al 2015; 541: Chen et al 2015; 543: Du et al 2015; 547: Guo et al 2015; 548: Haam et al 2015; 554: Ishibashi et al 2015; 566: Liu et al 2015; 568: Luo et al 2015; 583: Shao et al 2015; 584: Shi et al 2015; 594: Tian et al 2015; 600: Wu et al 2015; 613: Zhang et al 2015; 616: Zhang et al 2015; 617: Zhang et al 2015; 626: Du et al 2014; 627: Du et al 2014; 628: Ge et al 2014; 630: Gu et al 2014; 636: Ishibashi et al 2014; 647: Liu et al 2014; 648: Liu et al 2014; 652: Liu et al 2014; 665: Tan et al 2014; 674: Xin et al 2014; 682: Zhang et al 2014; 683: Zhang et al 2014; 691: Cai et al 2013; 692: Chen et al 2013; 694: Chen et al 2013; 698: Guo et al 2013; 702: Ignacio et al 2013; 703: Ignacio et al 2013; 716: Liu et al 2013; 733: Tan et al 2013; 741: Xiao et al 2013; 751: Zhang, Feng, and Chen 2013; 753: Zhao et al 2013; 754: Zhou et al 2013; 774: Jin et al 2012; 809: Xiang et al 2012; 842: Ji et al 2011; 867: Qiu et al 2011; 869: Shen et al 2011; 878: Wang et al 2011; 881: Yang et al 2011; 882: Yoon et al 2011; 886: Zhang et al 2011; 903: Li et al 2010; 905: Liu et al 2010; 918: Sun et al 2010; 933: Kajiya et al 2009; 938: Lee et al 2009; ; 949: Zheng et al 2009; 405: Liu et al 2017; 635: Huo et al 2014; 811: Xie et al 2012),
  • and Caspase (20: Lu et al 2021; 48: Begum et al 2020; 68: Imamura et al 2020; 75: Jiang et al 2020; 94: Li et al 2020;  110: Nogueira et al 2020; 118: Qiu et al 2020; 141: Xie et al 2020; 184: Guan et al 2019; 201: Ji, Zheng, and Yao 2019; 202: Jia et al 2019; 203: Jiang et al 2019; 220: Meng et al 2019; 222: Mo et al 2019; 242: Wen et al 2019; 247: Yan et al 2019; 273: Choi et al 2018; 310: Li et al 2018; 337: Song et al 2018; 359: Zhang et al 2018; 373: Chen et al 2017; 378: Dang et al 2017; 382: Gao et al 2017; 385: Golshahi et al 2017; 497: Li et al 2016; 515: Shi et al 2016; 547: Guo et al 2015; 615: Zhang et al 2015; 733: Tan et al 2013; 743: Xu and Zhang 2013; 842: Ji et al 2011; 400: Li et al 2017; 405: Liu et al 2017; 409: Lu et al 2017; 444: Xin et al 2017: 472: Cui et al 2016; 480: Guo et al 2016; 501: Liu et al 2016; 534: Zhang et al 2016; 542: Du et al 2015; 550: Hattori et al 2015; 564: Liu et al 2015; 596: Wang et al 2015; 598: Wei et al 2015; 601: Xiao et al 2015; 745: Yang et al 2013; 756: Zhu et al 2013; 810: Xiao et al 2012; 821: Zhuang et al 2012; 946: Sun et al 2009; 951: Cai et al 2008; 952: Cai et al 2008).
• Hydrogen increases endogenous antioxidant enzyme transcription and activity, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, reductase, and catalase (398: Lee et al 2017; 517: Shin et al 2016; 998: Hanaoka 2001; 416: Murakami, Ito, and Ohsawa 2017; 973: Lee et al 2006; 656: Nakai et al 2014; 436: Trivic et al 2017; 50: Cejka et al 2020; 232: Sha et al 2019; 423: Qian et al 2017; 908: Nakao et al 2010; 45: Arima et al 2020; 118: Qiu et al 2020; 142: Xun et al 2020; 375: Chen et al 2017; 379: Dong et al 2017; 487: Igarashi et al 2016; 626: Du et al 2014; 634: Huang et al 2014; 670: Wang et al 2014; 674: Xin et al 2014; 713: Li et al 2013; 716: Liu et al 2013; 768: Hong et al 2012; 772: Ji et al 2012; 787: Liu et al 2012; 816: Yu and Zheng 2012; 818: Zheng and Yu 2012; 867: Qiu et al 2011; 869: Shen et al 2011; 878: Wang et al 2011; 898: Ji et al 2010; 904: Liu et al 2010; 913: Qian et al 2010; 914: Qian et al 2010; 915: Qian et al 2010; 922: Xie et al 2010; 997: Gharib et al 2001; 555: Jing et al 2015; 575: Peng et al 2015; 630: Gu et al 2014; 681: Zhang et al 2014; 744: Yang, Yan, and Ding 2013; 794: Qin et al 2012; 796: Ren et al 2012; 944: Park et al 2009; 948: Tsai et al 2009; 268: Chen et al 2018; 358: Zhang et al 2018; 404: Lin et al 2017; 515: Shi et al 2016; 540: Chen et al 2015; 543: Du et al 2015; 819: Zhou et al 2012).
• Hydrogen also protects against cellular damage by increasing the activity of other endogenous antioxidants such as
  • α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) (196: Ishida et al 2019; 920: Ueda, Nakajima, and Oikawa 2010),
  • L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (12: Kato, Saitoh, and Miwa 2021; 973: Lee et al 2006; 998: Hanaoka 2001; 920: Ueda, Nakajima, and Oikawa 2010),
  • Coenzyme Q9/10 (63: Gvozdjakova et al 2020; 304: Kucharska et al 2018; 43: Akagi and Baba 2020),
  • Taurine (173: Chen et al 2019),
  • and Glutathione (436: Trivic et al 2017; 443: Xiao and Miwa 2017; 552: Huang, Jiao, and Yan 2015; 575: Peng et al 2015; 609: Yuan et al 2015; 617: Zhang et al 2015; 630: Gu et al 2014; 677: Yoon et al 2014; 681: Zhang et al 2014; 697: Feng et al 2013; 744: Yang, Yan, and Ding 2013; 794: Qin et al 2012; 796: Ren et al 2012; 863: Nishimura et al 2011; 944: Park et al 2009; 947: Tsai et al 2009; 948: Tsai et al 2009; 173: Chen et al 2019; 260: Zhao et al 2019).
• Hydrogen leads to a reduction of bodily cellular oxidation products, indicators of oxidative stress and damage (490: Jeong, Kim, and Lee 2016; 968: Hiraoka et al 2006; 973: Lee et al 2006; 980: Yanagihara et al 2005; 983: Hiraoka et al 2004; 728: Sheng et al 2013; 284: Fu et al 2018; 10: Hu et al 2021; 232: Sha et al 2019; 59: Dobashi, Takeuchi, and Koyama 2020; 423: Qian et al 2017; 623: Chen et al 2014; 908: Nakao et al 2010; 595: Wang et al 2015; 25: Rohovyi et al 2021; 63: Gvozdjakova et al 2020; 118: Qiu et al 2020; 142: Xun et al 2020; 375: Chen et al 2017; 379: Dong et al 2017; 432: Suzuki et al 2017; 626: Du et al 2014; 631: Guo et al 2014; 634: Huang et al 2014; 663: Shigeta et al 2014; 713: Li et al 2013; 716: Liu et al 2013; 721: Nagatani et al 2013; 723: Ning et al 2013; 768: Hong et al 2012; 770: Ishibashi et al 2012; 772: Ji et al 2012; 787: Liu et al 2012; 830: Fang et al 2011; 836: Huang et al 2011; 855: Liu et al 2011; 867: Qiu et al 2011; 868: Qu et al 2011; 869: Shen et al 2011; 872: Sun et al 2011; 875: Terasaki et al 2011; 878: Wang et al 2011; 884: Yu et al 2011; 893: Chen et al 2010; 898: Ji et al 2010; 904: Liu et al 2010; 910: Oharazawa et al 2010; 913: Qian et al 2010; 914: Qian et al 2010; 915: Qian et al 2010; 922: Xie et al 2010; 939: Mao et al 2009; 950: Buchholz et al 2008; 962: Fukuda et al 2007; 997: Gharib et al 2001; 555: Jing et al 2015; 575: Peng et al 2015; 609: Yuan et al 2015; 630: Gu et al 2014; 681: Zhang et al 2014; 794: Qin et al 2012; 796: Ren et al 2012; 654: Mano et al 2014; 209: Kura et al 2019; 358: Zhang et al 2018; 404: Lin et al 2017; 515: Shi et al 2016; 540: Chen et al 2015; 543: Du et al 2015; 635: Huo et al 2014; 799: Shi et al 2012; 819: Zhou et al 2012)
• Hydrogen protects against cellular oxidative damage through the process of hormesis (666: Tanikawa et al 2014; 50: Cejka et al 2020),
• whereby hydrogen acts to activate cellular responses to moderate and severe stress by producing a very mild stress. In Mitochondria specifically, hydrogen acts to increase the mitochondrial membrane potential (i.e. preventing mitochondrial membrane depolarization) and production of ATP (“mitohormesis”) (416: Murakami, Ito, and Ohsawa 2017; 70: Ishihara et al 2020; 63: Gvozdjakova et al 2020; 118: Qiu et al 2020; 816: Yu and Zheng 2012; 818: Zheng and Yu 2012; 399: Li et al 2017).
• Hydrogen leads to more negative saliva ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) (130: Tanaka et al 2020)
• and a higher bodily BAP (Biological Antioxidant Potential) (10: Hu et al 2021; 232: Sha et al 2019; 59: Dobashi, Takeuchi, and Koyama 2020; 1: Alharbi et al 2021; 833: Hashimoto et al 2011; 1123: Tanaka, Xiao, and Miwa 2021)

Literature Cited (numbered as per database):

• (1) Alharbi, Ahad Abdulkarim D.; Ebine, Naoyuki; Nakae, Satoshi; Hojo, Tatsuya; Fukuoka, Yoshiyuki. Application of Molecular Hydrogen as an Antioxidant in Responses to Ventilatory and Ergogenic Adjustments during Incremental Exercise in Humans. 2021. Nutrients. 10.3390/nu13020459
• (4) Chen, Hongguang; Dong, Beibei; Shi, Yuan; Yu, Yonghao; Xie, Ke-Liang. Hydrogen alleviated neuronal injury and neuroinflammation induced by microglial activation via the Nrf2 pathway in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. 2021. Neuroscience. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.003

• (10) Hu, Di; Li, Danxi; Shigeta, Mika; Ochi, Yuta; Okauchi, Takashi; Neyama, Hiroyuki; Kabayama, Shigeru; Watanabe, Yasuyoshi; Cui, Yilong. Alleviation of the chronic stress response attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of electrolyzed hydrogen water. 2021. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.035
• (12) Kato, Shinya; Saitoh, Yasukazu; Miwa, Nobuhiko. Carcinostatic effects of alkanoyl ascorbate plus platinum nano-colloid and stabilization of the esterolytically resultant ascorbate by hydrogen. 2021. Human Cell. 10.1007/s13577-020-00462-3
• (18) Li, Shao-Wei; Takahara, Terumi; Que, Weitao; Fujino, Masayuki; Guo, Wen-Zhi; Hirano, Shin-Ichi; Ye, Li-Ping; Li, Xiao-Kang. Hydrogen-rich water protects liver injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis though HO-1 enhancement via IL-10 and Sirt 1 signaling. 2021. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 10.1152/ajpgi.00158.2020
• (20) Lu, Hongwei; Wang, Wei; Kang, Xiaodiao; Lin, Zeng; Pan, Jun; Cheng, Shaowen; Zhang, Jingdong. Hydrogen (H 2) Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammation via the JNK Signaling Pathway. 2021. Journal of Inflammation Research. 10.2147/JIR.S297622
• (23) Nie, Chaoqun; Ding, Xue; A, Rong; Zheng, Min; Li, Zhenning; Pan, Shuang; Yang, Wei. Hydrogen gas inhalation alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by the inhibition of oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in rats. 2021. Life Sciences. 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119248
• (25) Rohovyi, Yu.; Tsitrin, V.; Arkchipova, L.; Bilookyi, V.; Kolesnik, O. THE USE OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN CORRECTION OF NO-REFLOW SYNDROME IN THE POLYURIC STAGE OF SUBLIMATE NEPHROPATHY. 2021. Georgian Medical News. 33814411
• (34) Xiao, Li; Miwa, Nobuhiko. Hydrogen Nano-Bubble Water Suppresses ROS Generation, Adipogenesis, and Interleukin-6 Secretion in Hydrogen-Peroxide- or PMA-Stimulated Adipocytes and Three-Dimensional Subcutaneous Adipose Equivalents. 2021. Cells. 10.3390/cells10030626
• (36) Yu, Mingdong; Qin, Chao; Li, Pei; Zhang, Yingli; Wang, Ying; Zhang, Jing; Li, Dedong; Wang, Huixing; Lu, Yuechun; Xie, Keliang; Yu, Yang; Yu, Yonghao. Hydrogen gas alleviates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment through regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3a-mediated BDNF promoter IV methylation in mice. 2021. International Immunopharmacology. 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107583
• (37) Zhang, Jingxi; Feng, Xiumin; Fan, Yunxin; Zhu, Guanglin; Bai, Chong. Molecular hydrogen alleviates asthma through inhibiting IL-33/ILC2 axis. 2021. Inflammation Research. 10.1007/s00011-021-01459-w
• (39) Zhang, Zhaoqiang; Sun, Xiao; Wang, Kun; Yu, Yang; Zhang, Li; Zhang, Keping; Gu, Jinglongfei; Yuan, Xiaofan; Song, Guohua. Hydrogen-saturated saline mediated neuroprotection through autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in early and medium stages of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rats. 2021. Brain Research Bulletin. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.003
• (43) Akagi, Junji; Baba, Hideo. Hydrogen gas activates coenzyme Q10 to restore exhausted CD8 + T cells, especially PD-1 + Tim3 + terminal CD8 + T cells, leading to better nivolumab outcomes in patients with lung cancer. 2020 Oncology Letters. 10.3892/ol.2020.12121
• (45) Arima, Takeshi; Igarashi, Tsutomu; Uchiyama, Masaaki; Kobayashi, Maika; Ohsawa, Ikuroh; Shimizu, Akira; Takahashi, Hiroshi. Hydrogen promotes the activation of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase in a rat corneal alkali-burn model. 2020. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 10.18240/ijo.2020.08.01
• (47) Asada, Ryoko; Tazawa, Kenji; Sato, Shinkichi; Miwa, Nobuhiko. Effects of hydrogen-rich water prepared by alternating-current-electrolysis on antioxidant activity, DNA oxidative injuries, and diabetes-related markers. 2020. Medical Gas Research. 10.4103/2045-9912.296041
• (48) Begum, Rahima; Kim, Cheol-Su; Fadriquela, Ailyn; Bajgai, Johny; Jing, Xingyu; Kim, Dong-Heui; Kim, Soo-Ki; Lee, Kyu-Jae. Molecular hydrogen protects against oxidative stress-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells through the activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway. 2020. Molecular and Cellular Toxicology. 10.1007/s13273-020-00074-w
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